I've been working with JavaScript for a little while now & I want to briefly share changes I've made in my coding style. These changes, while seemingly pedantic, can be very meaningful in constructing a maintainable script.
Use Anonymous Functions Sparingly
When I first started writing semi-serious JavaScript using jQuery, I was passing anonymous functions as parameters frequently. It's a pattern that's condoned by Codecademy & all the brief jQuery API examples, but it gets messy & unsustainable quickly. Throwing anonymous functions around all the time misses the entire point of functions, i.e. that they're named, reusable chunks of code. What's clearer here:
// anonymous
$.getJSON( "http://some.api.url/gimmejson", { q: "search+term" } , function ( response ) {
var len = response.len;
if ( len > 0 ) {
console.log( "Well, at least it's not empty..." );
} else {
return "ERROR ERROR DEATH FATAL ERROR";
}
var dataset = [];
for ( var i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
dataset.push( response.items[ i ].text );
}
return dataset; },
);
// named
$.get( "http://some.api.url/gimme.json", processResponse );
Having ten lines of anonymous function pasted into a function call as a parameter is probably the least readable code pattern commonly in use. In particular, if other parameters also span multiple lines (e.g. if I pass a much larger object in the second parameter above) it is a chore to differentiate between commas that separate items within objects & arrays & the commas that separate the parameters you're passing. Debugging is also easier with named functions; you can look back through a call stack that makes sense, rather than discovering that the last function called before an error was but one of the twelve anonymous ones sprinkled throughout your code.
The one disadvantage is that it's not immediately evident that processResponse is a function; it looks like it could be any type of variable. That's why the best, most readable way to use most functions is by passing parameters in an object, which jQuery makes extensive use of:
// passed in an object
$.ajax( {
url: "http://some.api.url/gimme?json=yesyesyes",
dataType: "json",
data: { q: "search+term" },
success: processResponse,
error: displayError
} );
This makes the role of processResponse much clearer; it's a callback function called upon a successful request. If the $.getJSON function let me pass in both a success & an error callback, I'd have to look up the function's syntax every time just to figure out which anonymous function was assigned to each. With the object parameter, their roles are doubly evident both from the name of their key as well as the name I've given the function.
&& and ||
&& and || are frequently used in assignment expressions, while intuitively they only belong inside comparison expressions. It's not something I do a lot but it's incredibly frequent in code libraries so understanding its usage is important. Basically, && and || are not merely comparison operators; they are expressions which return a value. && returns the first value if it is falsey & the second if the first is truthy; || is the opposite in that it returns the second value if the first is falsey & the first if it is truthy. You can see how this works in typical comparisons, where && is used to mean "and" & || is used to mean "or". Example:
if ( false && true ) // -> false because 1st is falsey, code won't execute
if ( false || true ) // -> true because 2nd is truthy, code will execute
We know intuitively that these make sense, because "and" usage means that both the first and the second conditions must be true while "or" usage is happy if either the first or the second is true. But what do you think this code, taken from the Google Analytics snippet, does?
var _gaq = _gaq || {};
Does it make sense to have a || outside of a conditional statement such as if? Here, || returns _gaq if _gaq is truthy (e.g. if it exists) but it will return an empty object literal if _gaq is falsey. Then, later on in my code, if I add a method or property to _gaq I've guaranteed that it exists so I won't receive a reference error. So a more verbose but less tricksy rewriting is:
if ( _gaq !== undefined ) {
_gaq = _gaq;
} else {
_gaq = {};
}
Writing one line as opposed to five makes sense; an if-else condition is overkill here, when we just want to check if our object already exists & initialize it as empty if not.
Spaces
Spaces are good. I like an abundance of spaces in my code. I pad array brackets, object curly braces, & parentheses wrapped around control flow expressions or function parameters with spaces. So I write
var obj = {
nums = [ "one", 2, three ],
funk: function ( param ) {
if ( param.toLowerCase() === 'parliament' ) {
return 'Give up the funk.';
}
}
};
instead of
var obj = {nums=["one", 2, three],
funk:function(param){
if (param.toLowerCase() === 'parliament') return 'Give up the funk.';
}};
One telling space is the parentheses that wrap a function's parameters. I try to always put a space in between the term function & the parameters in a function definition, while there's no space when the function is being executed.
var funk = function ( args ) { ... } // function assigned to variable
funkyFunk function ( args ) { ... } // function declaration
funk(); // function being executed.
Functions are thrown around so frequently in JavaScript that this subtle difference, if consistently enforced, can go a long ways towards helping you read whether a piece of code is being executed or defined for later use.
Switch
I generally avoid the switch statement; its syntax is weird. I find it uncharacteristic that the code blocks following "case foo" aren't wrapped in curly braces. If I had to guess how a switch statement would be done, the cases would look more like:
switch ( foo ) {
case ( bar ) {
doSomething();
break;
}
case ( bah ) {
doSomethingElse();
break;
}
}
which parallels the control flow operators. switch doesn't save much space over a series of if comparisons & carries the potential hazard of unintentional fallthrough.
++ and ?
I follow a lot of Douglas Crockford's advice, but not his avoidance of ++. I use ++ in for or while loops & it hasn't come back to bite me. Sometimes I'll use it to increment a value outside of a loop. I think I understand its usage in these limited contexts & while it isn't a huge gain in terms of saving space, it's nice to put all my loop details in one expression. I also don't think the ternary operator is worth avoiding; it's very handy during variable initialization even if it's a little opaque, much like || and &&. The ternary operator looks like:
var someVariable = ( expression ) ? "value if expression evaluates to true" : "value if expression evaluates to false";
We could rewrite the Google Analytics code:
var _gaq = ( _gaq ) ? _gaq : {};
It does the exact same thing; check to see if _gaq exists, initialize it to an empty object literal if not.
You Don't Hate JavaScript, You Hate the DOM
I, as many JavaScript programmers before me, have discovered that JavaScript is really not so bad a language. It has its peculiar errors—the extreme unreliability of typeof & the leading zero issue with parseInt come to mind—but it also has gorgeous features. In particular, the first-class nature of functions is wonderful & I can't live without it. Passing functions as parameters to other functions is mind-blowing once you realize how much you can achieve with it.
But JavaScript's biggest issue isn't the language itself, it's the way it interacts with HTML pages via the DOM. DOM manipulation is tough, the commands are verbose, & cross-browser incompatibilities abound. There's a reason why people love jQuery; it removes the pain of accessing & altering the DOM, scaffolding on top of CSS selectors that most web developers already know. The one biggest piece of advice I give to people who want to learn JavaScript is to start with jQuery. With a nice layer of abstraction, you can actually do something on a website which is amazingly gratifying. The building blocks of the language are easier to acquire when you see their utility on the web, as opposed to repeatedly printing text to the console.
Conclusion: Steps to Learning a Language
There are a few steps you go through when learning a programming language. The very first step is simply understanding what syntax is valid. Writing echo "Hello world!" will result in an error in JavaScript. The next step is understanding the advantages of specific syntax choices; knowing whether a particular situation calls for a a particular control flow operator, for instance.
The next step after that is meaningless in terms of how the code executes but of paramount importance to programmers, who tend to be human; knowing how to write clear code. Once I had the basics out of the way, I found myself having lots of opinions on what makes a piece of JavaScript understandable. Now, every time I go back & look at something I wrote previously, I find myself employing all sorts of conventions (spaces! fewer anonymous functions!) that I've discovered or come to appreciate. While much of JavaScript: The Good Parts went over my head initially, I now understand its essence; that deliberate choices when writing JavaScript can not only avoid common programming pitfalls but increase clarity.
